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<text id=94TT1097>
<title>
Aug. 22, 1994: Society:Babies for Export
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
Aug. 22, 1994 Stee-rike!
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
SOCIETY, Page 64
Babies for Export
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Despite a shortage of adoptable U.S. infants, hundreds end up
in homes abroad
</p>
<p>By Jill Smolowe--Reported by Ann Blackman/Washington, Massimo Calabresi/New York,
Wendy Cole/Chicago, Scott Norvell/Atlanta, with bureau reports
</p>
<p> At first glance, Stefan and Birgit Wilhelmi's story seems routine.
A thirtysomething couple with an infertility problem, the Wilhelmis
decided to adopt a child. Certified in 1992 as fit to be parents,
they signed with a private Pennsylvania agency called the Option
of Adoption. In January 1993 the agency called to say that a
nine-month-old baby named Traymont was available. Ten days later,
the Wilhelmis took the child home. No heart-searing dramas followed:
Traymont's birth parents did not try to reclaim custody; previously
unidentified relatives did not surface to contest the adoption.
Encouraged by the ease of the process, the Wilhelmis decided
to adopt a second child. Last February, 12-day-old Sally joined
their family.
</p>
<p> What's unusual about this tableau, however, is that the Wilhelmis
are German. Home for this white couple and their American-born,
black children is Flensburg, a city north of Hamburg and an
ocean's divide from U.S. soil. Had the Wilhelmis been Americans
from another U.S. state, they could not have removed the children
from Pennsylvania without complying first with the terms of
the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children. That means
a review of their paperwork in both Pennsylvania and their home
state, a process that typically takes up to two weeks. Instead
the Wilhelmis had only to spend a day obtaining passports for
the children.
</p>
<p> Most Americans would probably be surprised to learn that children
from the U.S. are being placed in foreign homes. According to
the National Council for Adoption, between 1 million and 2 million
U.S. families would like to adopt. That demand greatly outstrips
the approximately 100,000 American infants and children who
are available each year for public and private adoption. As
a result, prospective parents must either wait on average 2
1/2 years or look abroad, where Americans adopt upwards of 7,000
children a year.
</p>
<p> Yet at the same time, adoption experts estimate that 500 U.S.
children--most of them black or biracial--are being placed
in homes in Australia, Canada and Western Europe each year.
The number could be even higher: because the U.S. has no exit-visa
requirements, the Federal Government does not keep count. Moreover,
while all 50 states have procedures for domestic adoptions,
the Federal Government neither regulates foreigners' adoptions
nor follows up to learn how the children are faring. Though
a State Department official says there has been talk among his
colleagues of erecting safeguards, as yet nothing has been done.
Says Susan Freivalds, executive director of Adoptive Families
of America, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota: "It's shameful
that we don't know how many there are, much less who they're
going to and under what circumstances they're being adopted."
</p>
<p> The countries where the children end up may not know much more
about the adoptions than the U.S. government. Britain's Department
of Health, for instance, lists only one American adoption in
the past year. Yet in 1992 the London Observer Magazine ran
a cover story stating that "one of the most accessible places
for intercountry adoption is, surprisingly, the United States."
Craig Bluestein, a Pennsylvania attorney, says he has been receiving
"a lot of England calls" lately. And while the Dutch government
is aware of such adoptions, the Netherland's largest international
adoption agency reports that there were "one or two cases about
10 years ago, but since then nothing." It took TIME just a single
week to turn up six such adoptions that took place within the
past four years.
</p>
<p> While there is nothing illegal or insidious about these adoptions,
some experts regard the phenomenon with a mix of incredulity
and alarm. "It's bizarre," says Joe Kroll, executive director
of the North American Council on Adoptable Children in St. Paul,
Minnesota. "We have families of all races who want to adopt
children. Why are we going to other countries?" There are two
main reasons: some lawyers and agencies find it easier and less
time consuming to place black and biracial babies overseas,
and some birth parents actually want their infants placed abroad.
</p>
<p> Steven Kirsh, a past president of the American Association of
Adoption Attorneys who has placed seven biracial babies in homes
overseas in the past four years, calculates that there are 80
U.S. families waiting for every available white infant, five
for every biracial baby, less than one for every black infant.
"It's difficult to find homes in this country for mixed-race
infants," he says, "and especially difficult for black infants."
His claim is echoed by adoption experts from Atlanta to Beverly
Hills, who contend that the number of white couples adopting
black children has shriveled since 1972, when the National Association
of Black Social Workers denounced transracial adoption as "cultural
genocide." These same agencies and lawyers also complain that
there is a paucity of black adoptive families.
</p>
<p> Others dispute any shortage of willing recipients among African
Americans. "I have more families coming to my agency than I
can possibly handle," says Zena Oglesby, executive director
of the Institute for Black Parenting in Englewood, California.
"In my 17 years in adoption, I've never seen a shortage of black
families that want children. Never." What Oglesby says he does
see is a shortage of families willing to pay adoption fees--which range from $3,500 to $50,000 for a private adoption. "You're
talking about a race of people who were brought here in slavery,"
he says. "Paying money for a child is akin to slavery." Instead
of charging prospective parents a fee, Oglesby handles his expenses
with donations from Hollywood entrepreneurs and the $3,000 that
the government pays him for each foster child he places.
</p>
<p> Even if there were enough families--black or white--who
wanted to adopt black children, there would still be birth mothers
who preferred overseas placement. Some want the child far enough
away to avoid any future encounter, either with themselves or
with abusive birth fathers who might try to claim custody. Still
others are illegal aliens who quietly place their children abroad,
fearing that a domestic adoption might draw the scrutiny of
immigration officials. Then there are those like 19-year-old
Ami of Indiana who thinks that the biracial baby she will bear
in September will enjoy an easier life overseas. "Crime and
racial tension are not as bad in other countries as they are
here," says Ami, a former day-care worker. Ami, who is currently
considering two couples, is leaning toward a biracial Dutch
couple. "She'll be able to travel and learn and see different
cultures," she says of her child.
</p>
<p> No less than their counterparts in America, adoptive families
in other countries have fought hard to add a child to their
life. In Western Europe the pool of adoptable children is tiny
because of the availability of abortion as an accepted form
of family planning, as well as social-welfare benefits that
enable single mothers to keep their babies. Canadian couples
like Richard and Jennifer Lewis, who adopted three black American
children, looked southward because the waiting time at home
can be as long as 10 years.
</p>
<p> Last year an Italian couple took home a girl born to Trish,
24, a single black woman who works two jobs to make ends meet.
Trish says she chose the couple after Family Partners Worldwide,
Inc., of Atlanta persuaded her that she would have a difficult
time finding a black American couple. "I can only hope and pray
that the parents will allow her access to the resources she
needs to discover her true culture," Trish says of her child.
Trish has instructed the agency to put her daughter in touch
with her if she should come looking 17 or so years from now.
In anticipation of that day, Trish is thinking of learning Italian.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>